User:Ilja.sofia
Ilja Sofia
ILJA SOFIA VAN VLAARDINGEN
24 | ROTTERDAM
PORTFOLIO
Fantastic Forgeries
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Research
The artist
Jacob Jongert 1883 — 1942 was a Dutch graphic designer, illustrator and art teacher. He studied at the arts academy in Amsterdam and got his teaching degree in 1905. In the same period he assisted the artist Roland Holst with his monumental murals. He thought this to be the direction in arts that suited him best but he never really managed to master the exact right technique. He found a new inspiration in S.H. de Roos, a book designer and typographer who brought the Arts & Crafts ideas of William Morris[1] to the Netherlands. After experimenting with several printing techniques he discovered graphic design as his ideal art form. Nothing is more effective in reaching a large audience than the mass production of posters and packages. Jongert was also a very active member of the social democratic party which shows through in his work. Graphic design was a logical choice, as it has the largest distribution. Although in 1911 Roland Horst advised him to leave politics behind and concentrate on his profession, which he did. In the early 20s Kees van der Leeuwen hired Jongert to design products for Van Nelle such as packaging for coffee, tea and cigarettes. His work is characterised by a certain simplicity: the colours powerful, the shapes angular, yet his ornamental background notable. He was inspired by the modern German design he saw on the Werkbund exhibition in Koln. He is seen as one of the pioneers in graphic design as he was the first artist to be hired to design products for commercial purposes.
The era
Post WWI / Interbellum
Bauhaus
Constructivism
De Stijl
The object
- Coffee tin
- 1930
- 37cm x 41,5cm x 28cm
- Red, yellow, white, blue
- Silk-screened
- Bought in 1986 by Boijmans
- Primary colours
- Asymmetric composition
- Modern
- Sans-serif typeface
Typography
Sans serif type, designed by Jacob Jongert, only for Van Nelle
Out-of-context mapping class
Why interesting
- Impact first World War, De Stijl, Bauhaus, Constructivism
- Beginning advertising, first artist to design products for commercial purposes
- It's already a reproduction
- Difference between the value of the product then and now (a gulden—750 euros)
Technique
- Injection moulding
- Bending
- Folding
- Glass
- Laser cutting
- Make out of one piece
- Ceramics
- 3d Printing
Context
- Grandma's time capsule with cookies, knit works, cat hook(?) and a revolver.
- Trading/slavery, transport, economy, unesco
Compagnon
- A save
- Cigarettes
Web
Some screenshots of websites.
Imperfections
One of the most interesting things about the object, in my opinion, is the difference between its value then and now. Why would people pay 750 euros for it in 2014 when it used to be a worthless tin, given freely to sellers in the 20's? I found out people love it because of its scratches and dents; its imperfections. I thought this to be a very interesting and unique approach for my replica.
I associate those imperfections with pixels.
imperfections ≠ pixels
When you zoom in on the object you can easily see the pixels and therefore a whole range of colours.
The design used to be loved because it only had three colours (yellow, red and blue) and now it has a lot more.
The technique I thought to be perfect for showing the colour range and relief is:
2.5d printing
I'm now busy trying to get the artists Jannie Schmitz and Daan de Haan, who were the first to experiment with this relatively new technique, to answer some questions. And I'm trying to convince the company Océ that I should be the next person to experiment with the printer as I want to try it on different materials. In the meantime I will be experimenting myself in the FabLab to see how 3D printing small layers on metal will turn out.
First tests
While waiting for Océ and the artists to call me back (which of course won't happen) I did some tests. These are the first 3D models I've ever made, I used Maya which was a pain in the ***. I tried to get the 2.5d effect with the 3d printer but unfortunately that didn't really work out. First I lost the little square 'pixel' pieces on my way home and it just didn't look like I hoped it did.
So I had to think about another technique to show the imperfections/relief (= lasercutting)
Files for experimenting with the lasercutter.
The last one (on perspex) is the most aesthetic one in my opinion. And also the most relevant to my statement of the original object being worn out but super expensive. It now looks more modern and designy.
Files for lasercutting
front // back
sides
lid front // back
This approach was maybe be a bit too easy. So I thought of a way to generate the pixels in a more random way, just like it would if it actually was worn out. I wrote a code with a lot of help from openprocessing.org in processing which generates these pixels.
Projection mapping
Now maybe lasercutting the pixels was a bit weird, cause real damages are not fixated as well so I had to come up with a more natural way. Maybe something that damages the object everytime someone touches it. I thought of another way and came up with projection mapping. I now want to lasercut the 'clean' undamaged image on perspex still (cause thats the easiest to beam on) and then make an interactive installation with processing and an ipad e.g. where you can damage the object until theres only a glitched image left.
Now there had to be something that triggered the damaging process. In real life the damages are due to movement so I translated that movement to the movement of a human being detected by a Kinect. Also, it's still a piece of art, which you cannot touch. I got a Kinect at the rental and tried to get it to work which it didn't. Google told me I could fix it by replacing the libfreenect.0.1.2.dylib and libusb-1.0.0.dylib files with an older version because I'm using Mavericks. After a few days of errors Brigit helped me to get it to work with homebrew and the terminal, which was totally incomprehensible for me, but in the end it worked! Now I had the Kinect working but only the weekend left for me to find the right codes which is also beyond me so I'm trying to get help from several processing fora. I think I want to use madmapper and Syphon for the projection [2]
In the meantime I'm also lasercutting my replica from perspex.
Written statement
WHAT IS YOUR CRAFT? (DEFINE YOUR DISCIPLINE, METHOD OR APPROACH)
My craft is graphic design but I always try to take it a step further by using either a mix between analog/digital, or trying out new media/technologies. I always try to make as many tests as possible to get to surprising results.
WHAT ARE THE TOOLS AND MEDIA OF YOUR CRAFT?
Adobe Creative Suite, paper, pen, camera, processing, kinect, google.
WHAT ARE THE BORDERS OF THIS PRACTICE? (WHAT NEW MEDIA TECHNOLOGIES HAVE ARISEN / WHAT IS ITS FUTURE)
Since the rise of 3d printers and lasercutters there’s a lot more possibilities. Also by combining the digital and analog, as in Kinect or Arduino. People think the future may be the end of the need of graphic designers because it’s made very easy for laymen to DIY at home or give even more possibilities.
CONNECT TO A HISTORICAL DISCOURSE AND/OR GIVE CONCRETE EXAMPLES OF CONTEMPORARY PRACTITIONERS
For now, I don’t think I can give a concrete example of a contemporary practitioner. Just as when people just started to design with computers in the 90s, people are merely experimenting and not necessarily making ‘good’ or finished things. I think the idea of the craft going away is not realistic. People always tend to lose their minds when a new technology arises but the rise of computers didn’t kill graphic design either, so won’t this.
DEFINE YOUR POSITION OF YOUR PRACTICE IN RELATION TO NEWER TECHNOLOGIES.
As I was saying, I’m not afraid of this newer technologies but rather embrace them. I think the possibilities and innovations are endless and new things will pop up every time. I will always try to use these in my work and be unique.
How will the 3D printer and DIY culture influence the design world?
In 1986, in his book ‘Engines of creation; the coming era of nanotechnology’, the American scientist Eric Dexler predicted a machine that could make everything by piling up elementary particles. He thought this machine to be in every household in 10 or 15 years. Anno 2014 it is indeed possible to print a product with a 3d modelling program and a 3d printer. This creates endless possibilities for several products, especially because it’s possible to print replicas. A 3D printer creates your design by constructing it layer by layer. This technique is still rather expensive and almost only used in the business world. Especially the medical, science and architecture world use these printers to easily shape their concepts. Nowadays the printer slowly comes closer to the art world. 3d printed paintings are sold and according to an article from NU.nl, a Dutch researcher and PhD from the Delft Technical University, Tim Zaman, reproduced two paintings from Rembrandt and one from Van Gogh that are indistinguishable from the original. He created scanning software, which can do this quite easily. How will this machine influence the art and design world?
Wetenschap24 explains in their episode from 28-10-11 that there are already 10 million people in the world with 3d printed hearing devices. The market increases rapidly; the global sales were 2,2 billion dollars then and will have increased by 3,7 billion in 2015, according to Garner’s expectations. A lot of individuals own a 3d printer already. Companies like 3D-systems or the Dutch Ultimaker sell cheaper printers, realized for the private individual. Worldwide, around 60.000 were sold in 2012 and if this goes on, this will eventually lead to mass production (just as with the Ford-T in the beginning of the 20th century). There’s also a kickstarter project going on a pocket-sized 3D print pen. It’s called the LIX 3D Printing pen and the results are truly amazing. One can very easily draw in the air; it also works with melting and cooling down plastic. This way the machine will be available to do-it-yourself-ers and prosumers (professional + consumer, someone who becomes involved with designing or customizing products for their own needs). This leads to instruction videos and presets that are available to everyone. Everyone can design something and print it. This could lead to the end of the need of professionals in the art world. Just as the use of iPhones and open software endangers the need of professional photographers, everyone has access to a camera and a ’dark room’. Therefore, we might also have to come up with a new way of copyrighting. If you look at the music industry, where everything became freely downloadable because of the internet, people eventually quit trying to control everything but came up with new ways of sharing the rights like Creative Commons. Or concepts like Radiohead’s where you could pay whatever you thought the album was worthy of. But what designs will be able to get some kind of license, and what designs won’t mean a thing?
In the book ‘Everyone is a graphic designer in the age of social media’, Mieke Gerritzen describes a design utopia in which everyone is creative. Gerritzen says everyone designs. If everyone designs, the need for professionals increases. A counter argument for this is of course that you cannot learn to be creative. If everyone can build 3d objects, eventually the good, innovative and creative ones will stand out. Everyone can use paint and a canvas but only a few make paintings that are admired.
In the case of a short hype, if the 3d printer will continue to be unaffordable to the private individual, this won’t lead to mass production and only be used by hobbyists and companies. In this way there will be new shapes. In a survey from 18-12-12, 43% of the responders think the 3d printer will have influence on the art world in some way. We now already see the easy replicas but also street art projects like ‘Mysterabbit’ from designer Ji Lee in 2013. He hid 10.000 3d printed small bunny statues in random places in the world as a public artwork. You can also download a blueprint of the bunny and print your own.
Another more economical reason is the fact that the field of a designer broadens. In this way, he or she can be of use in more areas. This leads to more potential jobs and clients. Like Thomas Frey predicted in 2012, there will be around 2 billion jobs gone in 2050 but I think there will be a lot of new ones instead. There will be a question for repairs, but also material distributors and designers. A lot of people think the future may mean the end of the need of designers cause it’s made very easy for laymen to do-it-yourself at home. Just as when people just started to design with the computer in the 90s, everybody thought it would be the end of the craft. But it still exists, they are even more possibilities and jobs compared to then. You could say that the 3d printer has a positive influence on the designer. He or she has a wider range of possibilities and could also help in areas that are relatively new to the designer, like the medical science or planning studies.
How the 3D printer will influence the design culture, depends on the growing need for 3D printers in the private individual world. Those possibilities can have both a positive as a negative effect; either new shapes or jobs will appear, or the need for professional designers will decrease, because everyone can design. I personally rather embrace newer technologies in design, but I’ll always stay wary of. History usually tells that changes in the art culture will lead to new possibilities. Only time will tell how great those changes will be. The thing I’m a bit skeptical about is the endless range of free templates and presets for laymen to, for example, build your own website. I was so let down after I finished writing almost all the code for my website, spending hours on it, and then seeing the new website of a friend of mine the week after, which was made in Tumblr in not even 5 minutes. And actually looked better than mine. But then again, they’ll never be able to create their own customized design.
SOURCES
Drexler, Eric. 1986. Engines of creation: the coming era of nanotechnology.
Kraan, Jeroen. 2013. Nederlander 3d-print werken van meesterschilders. [3]
Wetenschap 24. 2013). Doe-het-zelf: 3D-printen. [4]
Rivera, Janessa & van der Meulen, Rob. 2013) Gartner says worldwide shipments of 3D printers to grow 49 percent in 2013. [5]
Gerritzen, Mieke. 2001. Everyone is a graphic designer in the age of social media.
Dierckx, Lien. 2013. Resultaten enquête. [6]
Frey, Thomas. 2012. Dr Thomas Frey at Ci2012: "2 billion jobs to disappear by 2030." [7]
The Huffington Post. 2014. 14 Ways 3D printing has changed the art world. [8]
Michael Weinberg. 2013. What’s the deal with copyright and 3D printing? [9]
