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Latest revision as of 12:30, 7 April 2022

Day 1 the Wold Wide Web

WWW (what ?)

HTML developed from the creation of the Wold Wide Web.

World Wide Web, AKA www, AKA the Web, is not the Internet.

The Internet is essentially the motorway where many vehicles (or protocols) circulate, the Web is simply one of them. Others vehicles on the Internet are email, FTP, torrents, IRC chat, etc.

The Web is a network of interlinked pages, that are accessible through a Web Browser.

Tim Berners-Lee

The vision for what would become the Web came from Tim Berners-Lee who happened to be working at CERN in the late 1980s

Tim-Berners Lee


a bloody mess at CERN

Tim Berners-Lee in 1980 worked as a software developer at CERN.

He was faced with a few facts that would make him muse about what would later become the Web.

  • CERN's incredible abundance of knowledge and research
  • CERN's equally abundance of different computer hardware/software, protocols, file formats, documentation systems

== a bloody mess

http://www.sciencephoto.com/static/media/images/collections/main/cern-the-european-organisation-for-nuclear-science.jpg

Inside CERN

a unified, global documentation system

Berners-Lee wanted to create a unified, global documentation system, that allowed CERN researchers to document and share their progress in both an easily readable easily writable way.

Enquire

Berners-Lee's first efforts went to the development of a program called ENQUIRE, a pet project to help him remember the connections among the various people, computers and projects at CERN.

"In Enquire I could type in a page of information about a person, a device or a program. Each page was a ‘node’ in the program, a little like an index card. The only way to create a new node was to make a link from and old node"

a single information space

The Enquire experiment got him thinking:

"Suppose all the information stored in computers everywhere were linked … Suppose I could program my computer to create a space in which anything could be linked to anything. All the bits of information in every computer at CERN, and on the planet, would be available to me and anyone else. These would be a single information space".

Proposal

In a proposal written to CERN's administration Berner-Lee listed the requirements for this global information space:

  • accessible across networks - providing data to different computers
  • distributed - allowing anyone to write information
  • non hierarchical - no tree structures, but stuff connected to stuff.

http://info.cern.ch/images/proposal.gif

Tim Berner-Lee proposal

Hypertext

Provided an non hierarchical way of connecting pieces of information, by interlinking them, and resulting in a web of content.

Berner-Lee recognized the similarities between his concept for a single information space and the web like structure that hypertext allowed.

HTML

To put his ideas into practice Berner-Lee turned into one of the available markup languages, SGML. A snipped of SGML

He simplified, and added external hyperlink, to allow connection to external documents (in one direction). 

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
  <head>
    <title>Hello World</title>
  </head>
  <body>
    <h1>Greetings</h1>
    <p>This is my homepage!</p>
  </body>
</html>

The marking is done by enclosing content in the element that will format it <element>content</element>

Editor, Browser, Go

  • Editor - your html writing tool
  • Browser - the interpreter of html, but also a debug and prototyping space


golden rules

  • In HTML the content is given meaning or structure by being with an element or tag.
  • An element or tag is formed by angel brackets "<" and ">", like <h1> - the heading1 element
  • In order to format content with tags you need to enter the content between an opening and closing element. As in the following case:

<h1>My Title</h1>

    • <h1> is the opening tag
    • </h1> is the closing tag
    • "My Title" is the content that will be formatted by the h1 tag and become a title


  • Once open a tag must be closed, either with
  • an end tag:

<h1>Closing Heading 1</h1>

  • self-closing tag:

<img src="nice_picture.jpg" />



html essential structural elements

  • doctype <!DOCTYPE HTML> - an indication to the browser of what content will be given to it to interpret
  • html - all the content of an html file
  • head - invisible content: page title, character encoding, styles, etc. (not essential)
  • body - visible content


essential tags

Comments: <!-- comments -->
Header: <h1>,<h2>,<h3>,<h4>
Paragraph: <p>
Line break: <br />
italics: <i>
bold: <b>
lists: <ul> or <ol>
list items: <li>

div container: <div>
span: <span>

Hyperlink(requires arguments): <a href="http://thecolourclock.co.uk/">a link</a></code>
Image(requires arguments): img src="nice_picture.jpg" />

Resources

Historical: http://home.web.cern.ch/topics/birth-web - on the birth of the Web at CERN from CERN

Technical:


Day 2: the URL, linked and embed resources

A template html file, which you can use to build your html pages. 

<!DOCTYPE HTML>
<html>
  <head>
    <!-- place meta-content here -->
  </head>
  <body>
    <!-- place content here -->
  </body>
</html>

URL

URL stands for Uniform Resource Locator. It is the global address for documents on the Web.

It is trough URLs that from our computers we request webpages and these appear in our browsers.


A URL , such as: http://mouchette.org/home/chezmoi.html be decomposed in to the following parts:

  • http: the protocol
  • mouchette.org: the domain name
  • /home/chezmoi.html: the file path

Domain name

The domain name, such as https://www.google.com/ is a kind of central address to a website.

It is via the domain name that the user sends a request to the computer (known as server) where the website lives, and as a reply a (html) file is sent back to the user's browser.

However this request and response journey is not so straight forward. That is because the domain name is not the true address, but an alias to the true address of the website.

The IP is the true address of a web page, or to be more precise, the address of the computer that hosts that website. As in the case of google.com its IP is 74.125.136.138

When a users types for a first time a URL on the browser, her request does not go straight to the computer that hosts that website. Instead the request goes to a central list - DNS server - that has information about what url belongs to each address and sends back to the user's browser the IP corresponding to that URL. That way the user's browser gets to know where (wo which IP) to send its requests, when that URL is typed.

In other words: "[If you want]to access the Witness Web site you would type in the www.witness.org address, also known as a domain name, instead of 216.92.171.152. Your computer then sends a message with this name to a DNS server. After the DNS server translates the domain name into an IP address, it shares that information with your computer. This system makes Web browsing and other Internet applications more human-friendly for humans, and computer-friendly for computers."

DNS.png

From http://en.flossmanuals.net/bypassing-censorship/ch006_chapter-1-how/

file path

The file path indicates the location of page inside the computer (aka server) that hosts this webpage.

In the URL http://mouchette.org/home/chezmoi.html it is indicated that the file we are requesting is inside the "home" folder and it is called "chezmoi.html".


file paths


Exercise:

  • Create an HTML file, that uses other local files (images, html files, etc), stored in parent, current and child folders.
  • Move the HTML file to a different directory
  • Try to make all the local files are not broken in HTML file



iframe

https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/iframe

The <iframe> Element embeds another HTML page into the current page.

The embedded elements can either be local or remote


iframe with remote content

The following iframe tag embed wdka website onto another html page: 

<iframe src="http://wdka.hro.nl/" width="100%" height="300px" scrolling="yes" border="1px"></iframe>


embedding Googles services

https://developers.google.com/maps/documentation/embed/guide

The downside of using proprietary services like Google

De Geuzen's work Google Anxiety is an example of the vulnerability of using proprietary services and depend on them for you work.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YmkSuZq_azU

De Geuzen's Google Anxiety work broke during an exhibition, due to a change of policy by Google.


Day 3: audio,video,canvas

In the latest version of HTML, HTML5 audio-visual media became supported by HTML, without the need for flash plug-ins. Audio and video became as common to HTML, as images.

How to: codecs

In order to play audio or video you need to make sure the audio and videos of your pages are readable by all browsers. This means you need to correctly choose the codecs you'll use to encode your audio/video.

The safest option is to encode:

  • audio as: mp3 or aac
  • video as: mp4(h.264)

To convert your files according to these codecs you can use the online conversion site: http://hdconvert.com/


How to: audio tag

https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/audio 

<audio src="myaudio.mp3"></audio>

<audio> arguments

Besides the src other arguments can be given to audio tag:

  • autoplay: starts playing as the page loads
  • controls: will show the controls for the audio player
  • loop: audio will loop
  • volume: playback volume, it ranges from 0.0 (silent) to 1.0 (loudest).

How to: video

https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/video 

<video src="myvideo.mp4"></video>

<video> arguments

same as audio tag arguments

tracks

https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/track

Both audio and video tags allow for a child <track> tag.

Track lets you specify timed text tracks, such as a subtitle track.

tracks can be: 

<track kind="captions" src="foo.en.vtt" srclang="en" label="English">


Knowing all this can you transform you browser in a karaoke machine using an mp3 or mp4 and the corresponding .srt file

<canvas>

https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/HTMLCanvasElement

https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Canvas_API/Tutorial/Basic_usage

canvas tutorial

canvas cheat sheet

<canvas> creates a fixed-size drawing surface in one or more rendering contexts (2D or 3D), which are used to create and manipulate the content shown. 

drawing with code (01)

Canvas, like the name indicates, is a blank canvas where images can be drawn. You can draw by choosing a drawing context, which can either be 2D or 3D and draw through instructions.

2D Drawing Context

My context 

var ctx = canvas.getContext("2d");

My drawing instructions to create a rectangle. 

 ctx.fillStyle = "rgba(0, 0, 200, 0.5)";
 ctx.fillRect (30, 30, 55, 50);

All 2D drawing methods are described in https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/CanvasRenderingContext2D.

For an example of a 2D canvas drawing see #2D sample.


3D Drawing Context

To create 3D drawings WebGL 3D graphics API is used.

Here are a few tutorials and and guides on it:


http://learningwebgl.com/blog/

https://dev.opera.com/articles/introduction-to-webgl-part-1/



canvas samples

2D sample

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
  <head>
    <meta charset="utf-8"/>
    <script type="application/javascript">
      function draw() {
      var canvas = document.getElementById("canvas");
      if (canvas.getContext) {
      var ctx = canvas.getContext("2d");

      //rectangle
      ctx.fillStyle = "rgba(0, 0, 200, 0.5)";
      ctx.fillRect (30, 30, 55, 50);

      // text
      ctx.fillStyle = "black";
      ctx.font = "48px serif";
      ctx.fillText('Test', 10, 100);

      // path
      ctx.beginPath();
      ctx.moveTo(0,0);
      ctx.lineWidth = 10;
      ctx.lineTo(0, 150);
      ctx.stroke();

      }
      }
    </script>
  </head>
  <body onload="draw();">
    <canvas id="canvas" width="150" height="150"></canvas>
  </body>
</html>
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