Courses/Design & Technique-Essential Web Design/01

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Internet

  • what is it?
  • where did it came from?
  • what motivated its creation?

ARPANET: the first computer network

Context for the creation of the ARPANET

  • USA, 1960s
  • Cold War - consequences of a nuclear attack
  • Soviet Union launched in 1957 Sputnik - the first satellite
  • Sputnik trigger a space race between US and the Soviet Union: if the US only had a change to win, if they invested in scientific development.
  • ARPANET was created by the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) (later called DARPA)


Aims for the ARPANET

  • create access to remote computers, connected to the network
  • be capable of withstanding communications in the face of an attack
    • decentralized network
  • allow a variety of computers to join the network and be accessed
  • foster collaborative scientific research

Characteristics of the ARPANET

  • Distributed network: each node connects to more than 1 other node
    • destruction of a node would not interrupt communication

3 network topologies

ARPANET nodes 1971

Killer App: Email

  • At first the network was not heavily used
  • It was difficult to access and use the different computers on the network: each its specificities, which one had to learn
  • the creation of electronic mail, brought many more users to network, which were simply using to communicate
  • the network change from a resource sharing system to a communication system.

Internet: the network that connected networks

  • by 1980 several digital networks, were functioning, besides ARPANET both in US and Europe:
    • USENET, BITNET, FidoNet (Bulletin Board Network), etc
  • these were isolated networks, not connected interconnected.
  • the task was to connect this networks
  • to the wide and integrated network was given the name Internet

Listen to a radio program on Bulletin Board Networks: 'Wild And Woolly' World Of Bulletin Boards

Documentary

Degoutin, Stéphane, and Gwenola Wagon. World Brain Stéphane Degoutin & Gwenola Wagon, 2012. http://worldbrain.arte.tv.





  • What do you I use the Internet for?
  • Are the Internet and the Web the same? What is the difference between them?
  • Distinction between the Internet (the infrastructure, like a highway) and the Web (one of the vehicles of the highway)
  • (Brief) History of the Internet - a information highway build for the military
  • (Brief) History of the Web - a wold-wide documentation system build for scientists

Films

Degoutin, Stéphane, and Gwenola Wagon. World Brain Stéphane Degoutin & Gwenola Wagon, 2012. http://worldbrain.arte.tv.

Optional Reading

Stephenson, Neal. “Mother Earth Mother Board.” Wired, http://archive.wired.com/wired/archive/4.12/ffglass_pr.html.